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Every day, millions of Americans stand at store checkout counters and make a seemingly random decision: after swiping their debit card, they choose whether to punch in a code, or to sign their name.

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Mitch Goldstone, in his digital photo-processing shop in Irvine, Calif., is part of a suit against Visa and MasterCard.

The Card Game series is a joint reporting project with the PBS program “Frontline.”

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Becoming the Debit King

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Toward a Cashless Society

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You’re the Boss: Does Visa Play Fair?

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“Smart retailers take advantage and offer a ‘discount’ on debit purchases. Sharing the savings with the customers is a great incentive.”

Tom, Texas

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It is a pointless distinction to most consumers, since the price is the same either way. But behind the scenes, billions of dollars are at stake.

When you sign a debit card receipt at a large retailer, the store pays your bank an average of 75 cents for every $100 spent, more than twice as much as when you punch in a four-digit code.

The difference is so large that Costco will not allow you to sign for your debit purchase in its checkout lines. Wal-Mart and Home Depot steer customers to use a PIN, the debit card norm outside the United States.

Despite all this, signature debit cards dominate debit use in this country, accounting for 61 percent of all such transactions, even though PIN debit cards are less expensive and less vulnerable to fraud.

How this came to be is largely a result of a successful if controversial strategy hatched decades ago by Visa, the dominant payment network for credit and debit cards. It is an approach that has benefited Visa and the nation’s banks at the expense of merchants and, some argue, consumers.

Competition, of course, usually forces prices lower. But for payment networks like Visa and MasterCard, competition in the card business is more about winning over banks that actually issue the cards than consumers who use them. Visa and MasterCard set the fees that merchants must pay the cardholder’s bank. And higher fees mean higher profits for banks, even if it means that merchants shift the cost to consumers.

Seizing on this odd twist, Visa enticed banks to embrace signature debit — the higher-priced method of handling debit cards — and turned over the fees to banks as an incentive to issue more Visa cards. At least initially, MasterCard and other rivals promoted PIN debit instead.

As debit cards became the preferred plastic in American wallets, Visa has turned its attention to PIN debit too and increased its market share even more. And it has succeeded — not by lowering the fees that merchants pay, but often by pushing them up, making its bank customers happier.

In an effort to catch up, MasterCard and other rivals eventually raised fees on debit cards too, sometimes higher than Visa, to try to woo bank customers back.

“What we witnessed was truly a perverse form of competition,” said Ronald Congemi, the former chief executive of Star Systems, one of the regional PIN-based networks that has struggled to compete with Visa. “They competed on the basis of raising prices. What other industry do you know that gets away with that?”

Visa has managed to dominate the debit landscape despite more than a decade of litigation and antitrust investigations into high fees and anticompetitive behavior, including a settlement in 2003 in which Visa paid $2 billion that some predicted would inject more competition into the debit industry.

Yet today, Visa has a commanding lead in signature debit in the United States, with a 73 percent share. Its share of the domestic PIN debit market is smaller but growing, at 42 percent, making Visa the biggest PIN network, according to The Nilson Report, an industry newsletter.

The Risk of Refusing

Critics complain that Visa does not fight fair, and that it used its market power to force merchants to accept higher costs for debit cards. Merchants say they cannot refuse Visa cards because it would result in lower sales.

“A dollar is no longer a dollar in this country,” said Mallory Duncan, senior vice president of the National Retail Federation, a trade association. “It’s a Visa dollar. It’s only worth 99 cents because they take a piece of every one.”

Visa officials say its critics are griping about debit products that have transformed the nation’s payment system, adding convenience for consumers and higher sales for merchants, while cutting the hassle and expense of dealing with cash and checks. In recent years, New York cabbies and McDonald’s restaurants are among those reporting higher sales as a result of accepting plastic.

“At times we have a perspective problem,” said William M. Sheedy, Visa’s president for the Americas. “Debit has become so mainstream, some of the people who have benefited have lost sight of what their business model was, what their cost structure was.”

Visa officials said the costs of debit for merchants had not gone down because the cards now provided greater value than they did five or 10 years ago. The costs must not be too onerous, they say, because merchant acceptance has doubled in the last decade.

The fees are “not a cost-based calculation, but a value-based calculation,” said Elizabeth Buse, Visa’s global head of product.

As for Visa’s market share, company officials maintain that it is rather small when considered within the larger context of all payments, where, for now at least, cash remains king.

While Visa may be among the best-known brands in the world, how it operates is a mystery to many consumers.

Visa does not distribute credit or debit cards, nor does it provide credit so consumers can buy flat-screen televisions or a Starbucks latte. Those tasks are left to the banks, which owned Visa until it went public in 2008.

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Sign in to Recommend Next Article in Your Money (5 of 28) » A version of this article appeared in print on January 5, 2010, on page A1 of the New York edition.

Franchisee Columnist Todd Michaud has spent the last 16 years trying to fight IT issues, with the last six years focused on franchisee IT issues. He is currently responsible for IT at Focus Brands (Cinnabon, Carvel, Schlotzsky’s and Moe’s Southwestern Grill).

Envision a world where credit card transactions are free. How could we accomplish such an outrageous feat? Well, crazy things can happen when you start to apply IT problem-solving initiatives to business issues.

I just finished reading “Free – The Future Of A Radical Price” by Chris Anderson. Chris, the author of “The Long Tail,” discusses how several factors–including the constant reduction of technology costs–have enabled companies to give away valuable services to their customers. Examples include Google giving away search functions and videos on YouTube, eBay giving away free phone calls with Skype and Linux as a free version of Unix software. But for some reason, the costs of processing credit card transactions have been immune to the same trends that have provided free versions of far more complex technology. Why?

Somehow, the system has evolved in a way that primarily protects the banks at the expense of retailers and, ultimately, customers. From a purely technological perspective, credit card transactions should cost a fraction of what they actually do. Moore’s Law, loosely translated, states that the cost of technology will reduce by roughly 50 percent every 18 months. If this law is true, then why, after decades of credit card processing, does Home Depot pay more for credit card processing than it does for employee healthcare benefits?

A credit card transaction is fairly complicated and involves several different organizations/people:

The issuing bank: The bank that provides the credit card to the consumer.

The cardholder: The person who uses the card to make purchases at various retailers.

The merchant: The retail organization that accepts the credit card in exchange for goods or services.

The acquiring bank: The bank that processes the credit card transactions.

The bankcard association: Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, etc.What is the big problem in this ecosystem? The merchant is the only one hit up for a fee to process a credit card transaction. The merchant pays a “merchant discount” to the acquirer, which then splits up the fee among itself (processing fee), the issuing bank (interchange) and the bankcard association (assessments). In the case of credit cards that offer rewards programs, the merchant also funds these customer perks through a forced higher interchange fee. Ridiculous! So how do we change it?Interchange rates should be demolished.
Issuing banks will no longer be paid an interchange fee; instead, a transaction processing fee will be charged to manage the costs of providing authorizations, settlements and money transfers. The rate should be about equal to the current ACH transaction costs, which should serve as a good benchmark for the costs associated with moving money between two bank accounts. Rewards programs would then be completely funded by the issuing bank.

Remove Overhead From The System.
In this crazy New World, the bankcard associations are no longer in the transaction processing business. With 88 percent of all cards issued by the top 10 issuing banks, the acquiring banks should process directly with each issuing bank. They will take on this responsibility in exchange for lower assessment fees.

Reduce Costs Through Improved Efficiencies.
And what about the acquiring banks? Because their job will also be one of transaction processing, they will earn a flat monthly fee from each merchant rather than a transaction fee. A flat monthly fee? That is crazy talk! Now, imagine travelling back in time to 1999 and telling Michael Armstrong (then CEO of AT&T) that in just 10 years an Internet company would offer unlimited calling to anywhere in the world for just $24.99 per month. (Vonage recently announced this plan.) I’m pretty sure he would have told you that you were nuts.

Subsidize The Remaining Costs With Someone Who Gains Value.
OK, but I said that in this crazy New World credit card processing would be free. Except that the previous examples still add costs. Granted, this solution is a ton better than where we are today. But you were promised free. So, how do we get there? I’m going to leverage more of what I learned from Chris Anderson and his book. In the book, Chris discusses the concept of “free” as a “three party market,” where a third party subsidizes the costs of providing the goods or services between the merchant and the consumer.

An example is how TV stations can offer you free programming in exchange for broadcasting advertisers’ commercials. In our crazy New World of free credit card transactions, we are going to subsidize the costs of credit card transactions by leveraging a three party market. So how do we do this?

Sell Receipt Space.
Acquiring banks can work with merchants and POS companies to pass along small “banner ads” that are displayed at the bottom of each receipt. The merchant has the opportunity to set parameters for which ads are displayed to avoid conflicts, such as making sure that no competitors’ ads are run. In today’s media-heavy world, eyeballs are worth money.

Sell Signature Banners.
Let the acquiring banks display small banners that are placed above the spot on the electronic signature pad where a customer signs for credit card purchases. This option could be used in conjunction with selling receipt space.

Sell Data.
Allow marketers to access information about spending at your location. Each company would be aligned with a central catalog of different merchant types. The transactions would then be categorized and aggregated in a central system that can be used by marketers for a fee.

Sell More Data.
Provide the line-item details of the transactions to a centralized database. The products and services would also be categorized and aggregated from many merchants. Although most large organizations would not dream of giving away such intimate data, thousands of small businesses would be happy to provide the data anonymously (only the industry would be required) in exchange for lower transaction fees.That’s my case. It feels a little like a Sprint/Nextel commercial doesn’t it? (What if IT people ran the world?) Find major holes in my theories? Disagree with the concept? Love it like RockBand? Let me know: Todd.Michaud@FranchiseIT.org.

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Job Growth Hindered by Interchange Fees

Hefty credit card interchange ’swipe’ fees prevent small business owners from hiring new employees

INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 4 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ — Consumers for Competitive Choice (C4CC) president Bob Johnson has a suggestion that will spur more job growth: interchange fee reform. The President and his economic team gathered yesterday to hear from some of the best and brightest CEOs, small business owners, and financial experts about ideas for continuing to grow the economy and put Americans back to work at a Forum on Jobs and Economic Growth. The meeting was held in advance of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ announcement today that our national unemployment rate remains in the double digits, at an unsettling 10%.

Interchange fees are the charges that merchants, local governments, universities, or anyone else who accepts plastic, are assessed every time a transaction is completed by swiping or keying in a credit or debit card. Last year alone credit card companies received $48 billion dollars in these fees, this number up 300% since 2001. Not surprisingly, small business owners say that if they were not saddled with these skyrocketing fees, they would be able to spread those resources elsewhere – like hiring additional employees.

“In 1995, CN Brown paid $353,000 in interchange fees,” said Jinger Duryea, President of CN Brown, which owns Big Apple convenience stores across Maine. “In 2007, we paid $3,494,000 in interchange fees. This amount of money could stretch very far if any portion were available to us to hire additional employees or lower costs for consumers, rather than lining the pockets of credit card companies.”

Every dollar spent on interchange fees is a dollar not spent hiring workers or providing savings to customers. At an average cost of 2% per credit card swipe these fees add up quickly, and the potential savings or job growth that could result if the funds were not going to big banks and credit card companies is one that we cannot afford to overlook.

“With the national unemployment still at a troubling level, we have a very long way to go before this economy is where we need it to be,” said Johnson. “I have spoken with small business owners throughout the country these past few weeks and they all have one thing to say – credit card interchange “swipe” fees are increasing and are hurting both small business and consumers. This fact was recently supported by the Government Accountability Office’s report on interchange fees.”

“Interchange fees are currently the highest expense for small businesses behind payroll and healthcare. The cost is astronomic, and we don’t need a job summit to know that the jobs that could be saved or created if these fees are reduced are real. The numbers don’t lie. Any level of relief would be a significant step toward our economic recovery. With unemployment holding steady in the double digits and small business growth being impaired, it is imperative that our Representatives and Senators in Washington take steps to reduce this unfair burden, especially considering the economic impact such reform could have.”

About The Credit Card Con

The Credit Card Con is a project by the Consumers for Competitive Choice. For more information, visit The Credit Card Con website at www.thecreditcardcon.com.

SOURCE Consumers for Competitive Choice

COOPERSTOWN, NY  - A new method for calculating broadband take rates reveals that demand for broadband is significantly higher than it was thought to be – a finding that changes the business case for service providers considering further buildouts.

Consulting firm Brian Webster Consulting published a revised methodology for calculating broadband take rates in the United States. Using the approach described in Webster’s new white paper, the broadband adoption rate in areas where broadband services are available is 72.9 percent, or about 10 percent higher than currently accepted industry estimates. The report has a breakdown for each state.

Based on these higher take rates, broadband deployments or expansions may be economically viable in areas once written off due to low household density. More accurate data and the ability to identify exactly where unserved homes are located leads to better-informed deployment strategies and more effective use of funding to address unserved households.

“Combining the enhanced broadband take rate with other economic data and trends as input to return-on-investment models and analysis,” notes Haig Sarkissian, principal consultant at Wireless 20/20 LLC, “builds additional confidence for investors on the merit of the broadband deployment business case.”

Brian Webster Consulting teamed with data provider Gadberry Group to design and prototype an approach that provides near address-level provision for broadband consumption and take rates.

“Earlier this year we provided several first-round [stimulus funding] applicants with block-level demographics, including consumer broadband usage,” explains Gadberry Group principal Larry Martin. “Combining these data with innovative analysis techniques has led to this new perspective on broadband take rate.”

“By leveraging our years of mapping experience, we help our clients strengthen their business case and go-to-market plans, allowing them to present their cases more clearly with images as well as with hard data,” says Brian Webster, principal consultant. “With the new insight provided by the census block take rate, business case analysis is further enhanced, thereby reducing the risk in the broadband investment and deployment.”

The complete white paper is available on the WirelessMapping Web site .

WirelessMapping.Com has been providing wireless and geospatial mapping services for seven years, both with and without accompanying demographic reports that show the number of households covered or passed. Most recently WirelessMapping has been involved in census block level mapping and demographic support services to clients developing applications to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) stimulus funding through the NTIA BTOP and RUS BIP. Past and current clients include Lockheed Martin, EarthLink, Covad, Federal Engineering, Sprint PCS, ExteNet Systems, Southern California Gas and Electric, Strix, Thunder Bay Telephone Company and BroadbandCensus.com.

NORTHFIELD, MINN. (December 3, 2009) — Broadband stimulus grant applicants can cut proposal prep time, dramatically reduce their risk to challenges and create more accurate statewide broadband maps to support a national broadband strategy using the first national broadband database. BroadBand Scout℠ from data and analytics company ID Insight reports broadband connectivity and usage down to the census block, also helping broadband service providers open new markets.

BroadBand Scout provides instant access to the data required to successfully apply for grant monies from the $7.2 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 broadband stimulus program. This same data also allows broadband and wireless carriers to cost-effectively target new areas for service expansion and better research competitors.

BroadBand Scout was developed by a unique analytical survey process of accessing the millions of records in ID Insight’s proprietary databases that were initially assembled to track retail activity. By combining known Internet access information with address-related data, BroadBand Scout allows clients to see connectivity and usage at the most granular level. For more information, visit www.IDInsight.com/broadband.asp.

“Communities, carriers and states have been starving for this data,” said ID Insight president Adam Elliott. “Understanding current broadband usage by geography is an ongoing need for stimulus applicants as well as for the broadband and wireless carrier community. By creating easy access to extensive data and sophisticated analytics, we see a phenomenal opportunity for service providers and communities to develop a data-driven approach to planning so they gain access to grant monies that may have otherwise been impossible to get.”

One of the biggest frustrations of stimulus grant applicants is compiling the necessary broadband usage data as required by the federal agencies awarding the funds. They are further frustrated by the difficulty in defending proposals from challengers who claim incumbents already cover the areas where applicants plan to provide broadband. With BroadBand Scout, communities and companies are able to accurately identify broadband access and usage when requesting grants from the broadband stimulus program.

ID Insight is partnering with broadband industry expert Craig Settles, president of Successful.com, to deliver professional services that assist stimulus grant applicants prepare and defend their proposals, and help state broadband mapping teams effectively execute their projects. “The key to effective broadband strategy, both locally and nationally, is to capture accurate connectivity data directly from consumers and businesses,” said Settles. “ID Insight offers an excellent combination of expediency and accuracy that broadband project leaders need.”

In October 2009, the first grant application to receive funding was for statewide broadband mapping projects to support the FCC’s efforts to develop a national broadband strategy. BroadBand Scout enables states to launch their projects faster and execute with greater accuracy to meet the FCC’s requirements. Other stimulus funding awards should be announced in January 2010. There is one additional round of stimulus funding with all funds distributed by September 30, 2010.

ID Insight is currently licensing the data and information to companies, states and communities. The data is available in reports summarized at the state, county, tract, block group or block number levels. Using its patent-pending analytics system, ID Insight can also provide case-by-case consulting services to predict additional high-potential expansion markets. Besides grant applicants, these services are valuable to broadband carriers looking for insights, validation and competitive advantage for their plans to open new markets.

Broadband Webinar
Broadband industry expert Craig Settles and ID Insight president Adam Elliott are co-hosting a free Webinar to discuss the vital role accurate broadband usage data and coverage maps play in implementing an effective national broadband strategy on Wednesday, December 16, from 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. Eastern. To register, visit https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/212771379.

About ID Insight
ID Insight, the innovator in Access-Point Intelligence, knows more about people and their access points — physical addresses, IP addresses, phone numbers and other points where fraud occurs — than any other identity-fraud risk-assessment company. Based in Northfield, Minn., the company combines its massive collection of data on people and access points with patent-pending analytics to help companies prevent fraud, reduce costs and capture more business. ID Insight provides next-generation market research, verification, authentication, and fraud solutions to financial services companies, credit issuers, retailers, online merchants and wireless providers nationwide. For more information, visit www.IDInsight.com.

About Successful.com
Successful.com has delivered community broadband services since 2006, though it provided services to technology companies and end-user organizations beginning with its inception in 1986. Previous needs assessment clients include the City of Glendale, Calif., the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles and several cities in Santa Clara County, Calif. For over 20 years the firm’s workshops, consulting services and books have helped government and other organizations worldwide use technology to cut costs, improve business operations and increase revenue.

NORTHFIELD, MN  – A new set of nationwide broadband maps is now available from analytics firm ID Insight. According to the company, these maps enable broadband stimulus grant applicants to cut their proposal preparation time, reduce their vulnerability to challenges and create more accurate statewide broadband maps to support a national broadband strategy. BroadBand Scout from ID Insight reports broadband connectivity and usage down to the census block, also helping broadband service providers open new markets.

BroadBand Scout provides instant access to the data required to successfully apply for grant monies from the broadband stimulus program. This data also allows broadband and wireless carriers to cost-effectively target new areas for service expansion and better research competitors.

Spinoff From Retail Databases

BroadBand Scout was developed by an analytical survey accessing the millions of records in ID Insight’s proprietary databases that were initially assembled to track retail activity. By combining known Internet access information with address-related data, BroadBand Scout allows clients to see connectivity and usage at the most granular level.

“Communities, carriers and states have been starving for this data,” says ID Insight president Adam Elliott. “Understanding current broadband usage by geography is an ongoing need for stimulus applicants as well as for the broadband and wireless carrier community. By creating easy access to extensive data and sophisticated analytics, we see a phenomenal opportunity for service providers and communities to develop a data-driven approach to planning so they gain access to grant monies that may have otherwise been impossible to get.”

One of the biggest frustrations of stimulus grant applicants is compiling the necessary broadband usage data as required by the federal agencies awarding the funds. They are further frustrated by the difficulty in defending proposals from challengers who claim incumbents already cover the areas where applicants plan to provide broadband. With BroadBand Scout, communities and companies are able to accurately identify broadband access and usage when requesting grants from the broadband stimulus program.

ID Insight is partnering with broadband industry expert Craig Settles, president of Successful.com, to deliver professional services that assist stimulus grant applicants prepare and defend their proposals, and help state broadband mapping teams effectively execute their projects. “The key to effective broadband strategy, both locally and nationally, is to capture accurate connectivity data directly from consumers and businesses,” says Settles. “ID Insight offers an excellent combination of expediency and accuracy that broadband project leaders need.”

In October 2009, the first grant application to receive funding was for statewide broadband mapping projects to support the FCC’s efforts to develop a national broadband strategy. BroadBand Scout enables states to launch their projects faster and execute with greater accuracy to meet the FCC’s requirements. Other stimulus funding awards should be announced in January 2010. There is one additional round of stimulus funding with all funds distributed by September 30, 2010.

ID Insight is currently licensing the data and information to companies, states and communities. The data is available in reports summarized at the state, county, tract, block group or block number levels. Using its patent-pending analytics system, ID Insight can also provide case-by-case consulting services to predict additional high-potential expansion markets. Besides grant applicants, these services are valuable to broadband carriers looking for insights, validation and competitive advantage for their plans to open new markets.